3.13 - Monitoring
- 3.1- Overview
- 3.2 - Method of evaluation
- 3.3 - Scope of analysis
- 3.4 - Stages of analysis
- 3.5 - Do minimum
- 3.6 - Travel impacts
- 3.7 - Costs of TDM programmes
- 3.8 - Benefits of TDM programmes
- 3.9 - Period of analysis
- 3.10 - Cost benefit evaluation
- 3.11 - Alternatives and options
- 3.12 - Sensitivity analysis
- 3.13 - Monitoring
- 3.14 - Selecting the appropriate evaluation method
- 3.15 - References
3.13 - Monitoring
Introduction
Monitoring and analysis of projects as they are implemented in order to determine how well they are performing with regard to their intended objectives is particularly important for innovative solutions, such as TDM.
A number of performance indicators can be used to evaluate transport system quality and the effectiveness of a TDM programme. These may include both quantitative measures of mobility and access, and qualitative measures of user acceptance and satisfaction. In most cases, no single indicator is adequate, so a set of indicators that reflect various objectives and perspectives is used.
Travel behaviour change projects
Chapter 5.0 of the Land Transport NZ/EECA Travel behaviour change guidance handbook (2004) describes monitoring requirements for travel behaviour change programmes, including the key indicators to be measured and the monitoring methodology.
TDM performance indicators
The following performance indicators maybe suitable for monitoring the effectiveness of more general TDM programmes. These indicators can be defined for a particular time (such as peak-hour) and geographic location (such as a particular destination, district or region).
- Vehicle trips or peak period vehicle trips, the total number of private vehicles arriving at a destination.
- Vehicle trip reduction, the number or percentage of private vehicles removed from traffic.
- Vehicle kilometres of travel (VKT) reduced, the number of vehicle trips reduced times average trip length.
- Mode split, the portion of travellers who use each transport mode.
- Mode shift, the number or portion of vehicle trips shifted to other modes.
- Awareness, the portion of potential users who are aware of a programme or service.
- Participation, the number of people who respond to an outreach effort or request to participate in a programme.
- Utilization, the number of people who use a service or alternative mode.
- Average vehicle occupancy (AVO), the number of people travelling in private vehicles divided by the number of private vehicle trips.
- Average vehicle ridership (AVR), all person trips divided by the number of private vehicle trips. This includes public transport users and walkers.
- Energy and emission reductions, these are calculated by multiplying VKT reductions times average vehicle energy consumption and emission rates.
- Cost per unit of reduction, these measures of cost-effectiveness are calculated by dividing programme costs by a unit of change. For example, the cost effectiveness of various TDM programmes could be compared based on cents per trip reduced, or tonnes of air pollution emission reductions.
